2022-02-19 更新
High-Accuracy RGB-D Face Recognition via Segmentation-Aware Face Depth Estimation and Mask-Guided Attention Network
Authors:Meng-Tzu Chiu, Hsun-Ying Cheng, Chien-Yi Wang, Shang-Hong Lai
Deep learning approaches have achieved highly accurate face recognition by training the models with very large face image datasets. Unlike the availability of large 2D face image datasets, there is a lack of large 3D face datasets available to the public. Existing public 3D face datasets were usually collected with few subjects, leading to the over-fitting problem. This paper proposes two CNN models to improve the RGB-D face recognition task. The first is a segmentation-aware depth estimation network, called DepthNet, which estimates depth maps from RGB face images by including semantic segmentation information for more accurate face region localization. The other is a novel mask-guided RGB-D face recognition model that contains an RGB recognition branch, a depth map recognition branch, and an auxiliary segmentation mask branch with a spatial attention module. Our DepthNet is used to augment a large 2D face image dataset to a large RGB-D face dataset, which is used for training an accurate RGB-D face recognition model. Furthermore, the proposed mask-guided RGB-D face recognition model can fully exploit the depth map and segmentation mask information and is more robust against pose variation than previous methods. Our experimental results show that DepthNet can produce more reliable depth maps from face images with the segmentation mask. Our mask-guided face recognition model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on several public 3D face datasets.
PDF IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG) 2021
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Face Parsing with RoI Tanh-Warping
Authors:Jinpeng Lin, Hao Yang, Dong Chen, Ming Zeng, Fang Wen, Lu Yuan
Face parsing computes pixel-wise label maps for different semantic components (e.g., hair, mouth, eyes) from face images. Existing face parsing literature have illustrated significant advantages by focusing on individual regions of interest (RoIs) for faces and facial components. However, the traditional crop-and-resize focusing mechanism ignores all contextual area outside the RoIs, and thus is not suitable when the component area is unpredictable, e.g. hair. Inspired by the physiological vision system of human, we propose a novel RoI Tanh-warping operator that combines the central vision and the peripheral vision together. It addresses the dilemma between a limited sized RoI for focusing and an unpredictable area of surrounding context for peripheral information. To this end, we propose a novel hybrid convolutional neural network for face parsing. It uses hierarchical local based method for inner facial components and global methods for outer facial components. The whole framework is simple and principled, and can be trained end-to-end. To facilitate future research of face parsing, we also manually relabel the training data of the HELEN dataset and will make it public. Experiments on both HELEN and LFW-PL benchmarks demonstrate that our method surpasses state-of-the-art methods.
PDF CVPR 2019
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A High-Efficiency Framework for Constructing Large-Scale Face Parsing Benchmark
Authors:Yinglu Liu, Hailin Shi, Yue Si, Hao Shen, Xiaobo Wang, Tao Mei
Face parsing, which is to assign a semantic label to each pixel in face images, has recently attracted increasing interest due to its huge application potentials. Although many face related fields (e.g., face recognition and face detection) have been well studied for many years, the existing datasets for face parsing are still severely limited in terms of the scale and quality, e.g., the widely used Helen dataset only contains 2,330 images. This is mainly because pixel-level annotation is a high cost and time-consuming work, especially for the facial parts without clear boundaries. The lack of accurate annotated datasets becomes a major obstacle in the progress of face parsing task. It is a feasible way to utilize dense facial landmarks to guide the parsing annotation. However, annotating dense landmarks on human face encounters the same issues as the parsing annotation. To overcome the above problems, in this paper, we develop a high-efficiency framework for face parsing annotation, which considerably simplifies and speeds up the parsing annotation by two consecutive modules. Benefit from the proposed framework, we construct a new Dense Landmark Guided Face Parsing (LaPa) benchmark. It consists of 22,000 face images with large variations in expression, pose, occlusion, etc. Each image is provided with accurate annotation of a 11-category pixel-level label map along with coordinates of 106-point landmarks. To the best of our knowledge, it is currently the largest public dataset for face parsing. To make full use of our LaPa dataset with abundant face shape and boundary priors, we propose a simple yet effective Boundary-Sensitive Parsing Network (BSPNet). Our network is taken as a baseline model on the proposed LaPa dataset, and meanwhile, it achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the Helen dataset without resorting to extra face alignment.
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RoI Tanh-polar Transformer Network for Face Parsing in the Wild
Authors:Yiming Lin, Jie Shen, Yujiang Wang, Maja Pantic
Face parsing aims to predict pixel-wise labels for facial components of a target face in an image. Existing approaches usually crop the target face from the input image with respect to a bounding box calculated during pre-processing, and thus can only parse inner facial Regions of Interest~(RoIs). Peripheral regions like hair are ignored and nearby faces that are partially included in the bounding box can cause distractions. Moreover, these methods are only trained and evaluated on near-frontal portrait images and thus their performance for in-the-wild cases has been unexplored. To address these issues, this paper makes three contributions. First, we introduce iBugMask dataset for face parsing in the wild, which consists of 21,866 training images and 1,000 testing images. The training images are obtained by augmenting an existing dataset with large face poses. The testing images are manually annotated with $11$ facial regions and there are large variations in sizes, poses, expressions and background. Second, we propose RoI Tanh-polar transform that warps the whole image to a Tanh-polar representation with a fixed ratio between the face area and the context, guided by the target bounding box. The new representation contains all information in the original image, and allows for rotation equivariance in the convolutional neural networks~(CNNs). Third, we propose a hybrid residual representation learning block, coined HybridBlock, that contains convolutional layers in both the Tanh-polar space and the Tanh-Cartesian space, allowing for receptive fields of different shapes in CNNs. Through extensive experiments, we show that the proposed method improves the state-of-the-art for face parsing in the wild and does not require facial landmarks for alignment.
PDF Accepted at Image and Vision Computing. Code is available on https://github.com/hhj1897/face_parsing
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Center and Scale Prediction: Anchor-free Approach for Pedestrian and Face Detection
Authors:Wei Liu, Irtiza Hasan, Shengcai Liao
Object detection generally requires sliding-window classifiers in tradition or anchor box based predictions in modern deep learning approaches. However, either of these approaches requires tedious configurations in boxes. In this paper, we provide a new perspective where detecting objects is motivated as a high-level semantic feature detection task. Like edges, corners, blobs and other feature detectors, the proposed detector scans for feature points all over the image, for which the convolution is naturally suited. However, unlike these traditional low-level features, the proposed detector goes for a higher-level abstraction, that is, we are looking for central points where there are objects, and modern deep models are already capable of such a high-level semantic abstraction. Besides, like blob detection, we also predict the scales of the central points, which is also a straightforward convolution. Therefore, in this paper, pedestrian and face detection is simplified as a straightforward center and scale prediction task through convolutions. This way, the proposed method enjoys a box-free setting. Though structurally simple, it presents competitive accuracy on several challenging benchmarks, including pedestrian detection and face detection. Furthermore, a cross-dataset evaluation is performed, demonstrating a superior generalization ability of the proposed method. Code and models can be accessed at (https://github.com/liuwei16/CSP and https://github.com/hasanirtiza/Pedestron).
PDF An extension of the paper accepted by CVPR2019, the title is changed to ‘Center and Scale Prediction: A Box-free Approach for Pedestrian and Face Detection’
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Face recognition via compact second order image gradient orientations
Authors:He-Feng Yin, Xiao-Jun Wu, Xiaoning Song
Conventional subspace learning approaches based on image gradient orientations only employ the first-order gradient information. However, recent researches on human vision system (HVS) uncover that the neural image is a landscape or a surface whose geometric properties can be captured through the second order gradient information. The second order image gradient orientations (SOIGO) can mitigate the adverse effect of noises in face images. To reduce the redundancy of SOIGO, we propose compact SOIGO (CSOIGO) by applying linear complex principal component analysis (PCA) in SOIGO. Combined with collaborative representation based classification (CRC) algorithm, the classification performance of CSOIGO is further enhanced. CSOIGO is evaluated under real-world disguise, synthesized occlusion and mixed variations. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is superior to its competing approaches with few training samples, and even outperforms some prevailing deep neural network based approaches. The source code of CSOIGO is available at https://github.com/yinhefeng/SOIGO.
PDF 26 pages, 6 figures
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SynFace: Face Recognition with Synthetic Data
Authors:Haibo Qiu, Baosheng Yu, Dihong Gong, Zhifeng Li, Wei Liu, Dacheng Tao
With the recent success of deep neural networks, remarkable progress has been achieved on face recognition. However, collecting large-scale real-world training data for face recognition has turned out to be challenging, especially due to the label noise and privacy issues. Meanwhile, existing face recognition datasets are usually collected from web images, lacking detailed annotations on attributes (e.g., pose and expression), so the influences of different attributes on face recognition have been poorly investigated. In this paper, we address the above-mentioned issues in face recognition using synthetic face images, i.e., SynFace. Specifically, we first explore the performance gap between recent state-of-the-art face recognition models trained with synthetic and real face images. We then analyze the underlying causes behind the performance gap, e.g., the poor intra-class variations and the domain gap between synthetic and real face images. Inspired by this, we devise the SynFace with identity mixup (IM) and domain mixup (DM) to mitigate the above performance gap, demonstrating the great potentials of synthetic data for face recognition. Furthermore, with the controllable face synthesis model, we can easily manage different factors of synthetic face generation, including pose, expression, illumination, the number of identities, and samples per identity. Therefore, we also perform a systematically empirical analysis on synthetic face images to provide some insights on how to effectively utilize synthetic data for face recognition.
PDF Accepted by ICCV 2021. Code is available at https://github.com/haibo-qiu/SynFace
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Face Beneath the Ink: Synthetic Data and Tattoo Removal with Application to Face Recognition
Authors:Mathias Ibsen, Christian Rathgeb, Pawel Drozdowski, Christoph Busch
Systems that analyse faces have seen significant improvements in recent years and are today used in numerous application scenarios. However, these systems have been found to be negatively affected by facial alterations such as tattoos. To better understand and mitigate the effect of facial tattoos in facial analysis systems, large datasets of images of individuals with and without tattoos are needed. To this end, we propose a generator for automatically adding realistic tattoos to facial images. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of the generation by training a deep learning-based model for removing tattoos from face images. The experimental results show that it is possible to remove facial tattoos from real images without degrading the quality of the image. Additionally, we show that it is possible to improve face recognition accuracy by using the proposed deep learning-based tattoo removal before extracting and comparing facial features.
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Explaining Face Presentation Attack Detection Using Natural Language
Authors:Hengameh Mirzaalian, Mohamed E. Hussein, Leonidas Spinoulas, Jonathan May, Wael Abd-Almageed
A large number of deep neural network based techniques have been developed to address the challenging problem of face presentation attack detection (PAD). Whereas such techniques’ focus has been on improving PAD performance in terms of classification accuracy and robustness against unseen attacks and environmental conditions, there exists little attention on the explainability of PAD predictions. In this paper, we tackle the problem of explaining PAD predictions through natural language. Our approach passes feature representations of a deep layer of the PAD model to a language model to generate text describing the reasoning behind the PAD prediction. Due to the limited amount of annotated data in our study, we apply a light-weight LSTM network as our natural language generation model. We investigate how the quality of the generated explanations is affected by different loss functions, including the commonly used word-wise cross entropy loss, a sentence discriminative loss, and a sentence semantic loss. We perform our experiments using face images from a dataset consisting of 1,105 bona-fide and 924 presentation attack samples. Our quantitative and qualitative results show the effectiveness of our model for generating proper PAD explanations through text as well as the power of the sentence-wise losses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first introduction of a joint biometrics-NLP task. Our dataset can be obtained through our GitHub page.
PDF To Appear in the Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2021
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Evaluation of Human and Machine Face Detection using a Novel Distinctive Human Appearance Dataset
Authors:Necdet Gurkan, Jordan W. Suchow
Face detection is a long-standing challenge in the field of computer vision, with the ultimate goal being to accurately localize human faces in an unconstrained environment. There are significant technical hurdles in making these systems accurate due to confounding factors related to pose, image resolution, illumination, occlusion, and viewpoint [44]. That being said, with recent developments in machine learning, face-detection systems have achieved extraordinary accuracy, largely built on data-driven deep-learning models [70]. Though encouraging, a critical aspect that limits face-detection performance and social responsibility of deployed systems is the inherent diversity of human appearance. Every human appearance reflects something unique about a person, including their heritage, identity, experiences, and visible manifestations of self-expression. However, there are questions about how well face-detection systems perform when faced with varying face size and shape, skin color, body modification, and body ornamentation. Towards this goal, we collected the Distinctive Human Appearance dataset, an image set that represents appearances with low frequency and that tend to be undersampled in face datasets. Then, we evaluated current state-of-the-art face-detection models in their ability to detect faces in these images. The evaluation results show that face-detection algorithms do not generalize well to these diverse appearances. Evaluating and characterizing the state of current face-detection models will accelerate research and development towards creating fairer and more accurate face-detection systems.
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Learnable Multi-level Frequency Decomposition and Hierarchical Attention Mechanism for Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detection
Authors:Meiling Fang, Naser Damer, Florian Kirchbuchner, Arjan Kuijper
With the increased deployment of face recognition systems in our daily lives, face presentation attack detection (PAD) is attracting much attention and playing a key role in securing face recognition systems. Despite the great performance achieved by the hand-crafted and deep-learning-based methods in intra-dataset evaluations, the performance drops when dealing with unseen scenarios. In this work, we propose a dual-stream convolution neural networks (CNNs) framework. One stream adapts four learnable frequency filters to learn features in the frequency domain, which are less influenced by variations in sensors/illuminations. The other stream leverages the RGB images to complement the features of the frequency domain. Moreover, we propose a hierarchical attention module integration to join the information from the two streams at different stages by considering the nature of deep features in different layers of the CNN. The proposed method is evaluated in the intra-dataset and cross-dataset setups, and the results demonstrate that our proposed approach enhances the generalizability in most experimental setups in comparison to state-of-the-art, including the methods designed explicitly for domain adaption/shift problems. We successfully prove the design of our proposed PAD solution in a step-wise ablation study that involves our proposed learnable frequency decomposition, our hierarchical attention module design, and the used loss function. Training codes and pre-trained models are publicly released
PDF Accepted at IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV 2022)
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Local Gradient Hexa Pattern: A Descriptor for Face Recognition and Retrieval
Authors:Soumendu Chakraborty, Satish Kumar Singh, Pavan Chakraborty
Local descriptors used in face recognition are robust in a sense that these descriptors perform well in varying pose, illumination and lighting conditions. Accuracy of these descriptors depends on the precision of mapping the relationship that exists in the local neighborhood of a facial image into microstructures. In this paper a local gradient hexa pattern (LGHP) is proposed that identifies the relationship amongst the reference pixel and its neighboring pixels at different distances across different derivative directions. Discriminative information exists in the local neighborhood as well as in different derivative directions. Proposed descriptor effectively transforms these relationships into binary micropatterns discriminating interclass facial images with optimal precision. Recognition and retrieval performance of the proposed descriptor has been compared with state-of-the-art descriptors namely LDP and LVP over the most challenging and benchmark facial image databases, i.e. Cropped Extended Yale-B, CMU-PIE, color-FERET, and LFW. The proposed descriptor has better recognition as well as retrieval rates compared to state-of-the-art descriptors.
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Development of a face mask detection pipeline for mask-wearing monitoring in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: A modular approach
Authors:Benjaphan Sommana, Ukrit Watchareeruetai, Ankush Ganguly, Samuel W. F. Earp, Taya Kitiyakara, Suparee Boonmanunt, Ratchainant Thammasudjarit
During the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, mask-wearing became an effective tool to prevent spreading and contracting the virus. The ability to monitor the mask-wearing rate in the population would be useful for determining public health strategies against the virus. However, artificial intelligence technologies for detecting face masks have not been deployed at a large scale in real-life to measure the mask-wearing rate in public. In this paper, we present a two-step face mask detection approach consisting of two separate modules: 1) face detection and alignment and 2) face mask classification. This approach allowed us to experiment with different combinations of face detection and face mask classification modules. More specifically, we experimented with PyramidKey and RetinaFace as face detectors while maintaining a lightweight backbone for the face mask classification module. Moreover, we also provide a relabeled annotation of the test set of the AIZOO dataset, where we rectified the incorrect labels for some face images. The evaluation results on the AIZOO and Moxa 3K datasets showed that the proposed face mask detection pipeline surpassed the state-of-the-art methods. The proposed pipeline also yielded a higher mAP on the relabeled test set of the AIZOO dataset than the original test set. Since we trained the proposed model using in-the-wild face images, we can successfully deploy our model to monitor the mask-wearing rate using public CCTV images.
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QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognition
Authors:Philipp Terhörst, Malte Ihlefeld, Marco Huber, Naser Damer, Florian Kirchbuchner, Kiran Raja, Arjan Kuijper
Face recognition systems have to deal with large variabilities (such as different poses, illuminations, and expressions) that might lead to incorrect matching decisions. These variabilities can be measured in terms of face image quality which is defined over the utility of a sample for recognition. Previous works on face recognition either do not employ this valuable information or make use of non-inherently fit quality estimates. In this work, we propose a simple and effective face recognition solution (QMag-Face) that combines a quality-aware comparison score with a recognition model based on a magnitude-aware angular margin loss. The proposed approach includes model-specific face image qualities in the comparison process to enhance the recognition performance under unconstrained circumstances. Exploiting the linearity between the qualities and their comparison scores induced by the utilized loss, our quality-aware comparison function is simple and highly generalizable. The experiments conducted on several face recognition databases and benchmarks demonstrate that the introduced quality-awareness leads to consistent improvements in the recognition performance. Moreover, the proposed QMagFace approach performs especially well under challenging circumstances, such as cross-pose, cross-age, or cross-quality. Consequently, it leads to state-of-the-art performances on several face recognition benchmarks, such as 98.50% on AgeDB, 83.95% on XQLFQ, and 98.74% on CFP-FP. The code for QMagFace is publicly available
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Interlinked Convolutional Neural Networks for Face Parsing
Authors:Yisu Zhou, Xiaolin Hu, Bo Zhang
Face parsing is a basic task in face image analysis. It amounts to labeling each pixel with appropriate facial parts such as eyes and nose. In the paper, we present a interlinked convolutional neural network (iCNN) for solving this problem in an end-to-end fashion. It consists of multiple convolutional neural networks (CNNs) taking input in different scales. A special interlinking layer is designed to allow the CNNs to exchange information, enabling them to integrate local and contextual information efficiently. The hallmark of iCNN is the extensive use of downsampling and upsampling in the interlinking layers, while traditional CNNs usually uses downsampling only. A two-stage pipeline is proposed for face parsing and both stages use iCNN. The first stage localizes facial parts in the size-reduced image and the second stage labels the pixels in the identified facial parts in the original image. On a benchmark dataset we have obtained better results than the state-of-the-art methods.
PDF 11 pages, 4 figures, ISNN2015 Conference
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Myope Models — Are face presentation attack detection models short-sighted?
Authors:Pedro C. Neto, Ana F. Sequeira, Jaime S. Cardoso
Presentation attacks are recurrent threats to biometric systems, where impostors attempt to bypass these systems. Humans often use background information as contextual cues for their visual system. Yet, regarding face-based systems, the background is often discarded, since face presentation attack detection (PAD) models are mostly trained with face crops. This work presents a comparative study of face PAD models (including multi-task learning, adversarial training and dynamic frame selection) in two settings: with and without crops. The results show that the performance is consistently better when the background is present in the images. The proposed multi-task methodology beats the state-of-the-art results on the ROSE-Youtu dataset by a large margin with an equal error rate of 0.2%. Furthermore, we analyze the models’ predictions with Grad-CAM++ with the aim to investigate to what extent the models focus on background elements that are known to be useful for human inspection. From this analysis we can conclude that the background cues are not relevant across all the attacks. Thus, showing the capability of the model to leverage the background information only when necessary.
PDF Accepted at the 2ND WORKSHOP ON EXPLAINABLE & INTERPRETABLE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR BIOMETRICS AT WACV 2022
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FP-Age: Leveraging Face Parsing Attention for Facial Age Estimation in the Wild
Authors:Yiming Lin, Jie Shen, Yujiang Wang, Maja Pantic
Image-based age estimation aims to predict a person’s age from facial images. It is used in a variety of real-world applications. Although end-to-end deep models have achieved impressive results for age estimation on benchmark datasets, their performance in-the-wild still leaves much room for improvement due to the challenges caused by large variations in head pose, facial expressions, and occlusions. To address this issue, we propose a simple yet effective method to explicitly incorporate facial semantics into age estimation, so that the model would learn to correctly focus on the most informative facial components from unaligned facial images regardless of head pose and non-rigid deformation. To this end, we design a face parsing-based network to learn semantic information at different scales and a novel face parsing attention module to leverage these semantic features for age estimation. To evaluate our method on in-the-wild data, we also introduce a new challenging large-scale benchmark called IMDB-Clean. This dataset is created by semi-automatically cleaning the noisy IMDB-WIKI dataset using a constrained clustering method. Through comprehensive experiment on IMDB-Clean and other benchmark datasets, under both intra-dataset and cross-dataset evaluation protocols, we show that our method consistently outperforms all existing age estimation methods and achieves a new state-of-the-art performance. To the best of our knowledge, our work presents the first attempt of leveraging face parsing attention to achieve semantic-aware age estimation, which may be inspiring to other high level facial analysis tasks.
PDF Code and data will be available on https://github.com/hhj1897/age_estimation
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Edge-aware Graph Representation Learning and Reasoning for Face Parsing
Authors:Gusi Te, Yinglu Liu, Wei Hu, Hailin Shi, Tao Mei
Face parsing infers a pixel-wise label to each facial component, which has drawn much attention recently. Previous methods have shown their efficiency in face parsing, which however overlook the correlation among different face regions. The correlation is a critical clue about the facial appearance, pose, expression etc., and should be taken into account for face parsing. To this end, we propose to model and reason the region-wise relations by learning graph representations, and leverage the edge information between regions for optimized abstraction. Specifically, we encode a facial image onto a global graph representation where a collection of pixels (“regions”) with similar features are projected to each vertex. Our model learns and reasons over relations between the regions by propagating information across vertices on the graph. Furthermore, we incorporate the edge information to aggregate the pixel-wise features onto vertices, which emphasizes on the features around edges for fine segmentation along edges. The finally learned graph representation is projected back to pixel grids for parsing. Experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the widely used Helen dataset, and also exhibits the superior performance on the large-scale CelebAMask-HQ and LaPa dataset. The code is available at https://github.com/tegusi/EAGRNet.
PDF ECCV 2020
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Distill and De-bias: Mitigating Bias in Face Recognition using Knowledge Distillation
Authors:Prithviraj Dhar, Joshua Gleason, Aniket Roy, Carlos D. Castillo, P. Jonathon Phillips, Rama Chellappa
Face recognition networks generally demonstrate bias with respect to sensitive attributes like gender, skintone etc. For gender and skintone, we observe that the regions of the face that a network attends to vary by the category of an attribute. This might contribute to bias. Building on this intuition, we propose a novel distillation-based approach called Distill and De-bias (D&D) to enforce a network to attend to similar face regions, irrespective of the attribute category. In D&D, we train a teacher network on images from one category of an attribute; e.g. light skintone. Then distilling information from the teacher, we train a student network on images of the remaining category; e.g., dark skintone. A feature-level distillation loss constrains the student network to generate teacher-like representations. This allows the student network to attend to similar face regions for all attribute categories and enables it to reduce bias. We also propose a second distillation step on top of D&D, called D&D++. For the D&D++ network, we distill the `un-biasedness’ of the D&D network into a new student network, the D&D++ network. We train the new network on all attribute categories; e.g., both light and dark skintones. This helps us train a network that is less biased for an attribute, while obtaining higher face verification performance than D&D. We show that D&D++ outperforms existing baselines in reducing gender and skintone bias on the IJB-C dataset, while obtaining higher face verification performance than existing adversarial de-biasing methods. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed methods on two state-of-the-art face recognition networks: Crystalface and ArcFace.
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Reliable Detection of Doppelgängers based on Deep Face Representations
Authors:Christian Rathgeb, Daniel Fischer, Pawel Drozdowski, Christoph Busch
Doppelg\”angers (or lookalikes) usually yield an increased probability of false matches in a facial recognition system, as opposed to random face image pairs selected for non-mated comparison trials. In this work, we assess the impact of doppelg\”angers on the HDA Doppelg\”anger and Disguised Faces in The Wild databases using a state-of-the-art face recognition system. It is found that doppelg\”anger image pairs yield very high similarity scores resulting in a significant increase of false match rates. Further, we propose a doppelg\”anger detection method which distinguishes doppelg\”angers from mated comparison trials by analysing differences in deep representations obtained from face image pairs. The proposed detection system employs a machine learning-based classifier, which is trained with generated doppelg\”anger image pairs utilising face morphing techniques. Experimental evaluations conducted on the HDA Doppelg\”anger and Look-Alike Face databases reveal a detection equal error rate of approximately 2.7% for the task of separating mated authentication attempts from doppelg\”angers.
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Review of Face Presentation Attack Detection Competitions
Authors:Zitong Yu, Jukka Komulainen, Xiaobai Li, Guoying Zhao
Face presentation attack detection (PAD) has received increasing attention ever since the vulnerabilities to spoofing have been widely recognized. The state of the art in unimodal and multi-modal face anti-spoofing has been assessed in eight international competitions organized in conjunction with major biometrics and computer vision conferences in 2011, 2013, 2017, 2019, 2020 and 2021, each introducing new challenges to the research community. In this chapter, we present the design and results of the five latest competitions from 2019 until 2021. The first two challenges aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of face PAD in multi-modal setup introducing near-infrared (NIR) and depth modalities in addition to colour camera data, while the latest three competitions focused on evaluating domain and attack type generalization abilities of face PAD algorithms operating on conventional colour images and videos. We also discuss the lessons learnt from the competitions and future challenges in the field in general.
PDF Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing (3rd Ed.)
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Are Commercial Face Detection Models as Biased as Academic Models?
Authors:Samuel Dooley, George Z. Wei, Tom Goldstein, John P. Dickerson
As facial recognition systems are deployed more widely, scholars and activists have studied their biases and harms. Audits are commonly used to accomplish this and compare the algorithmic facial recognition systems’ performance against datasets with various metadata labels about the subjects of the images. Seminal works have found discrepancies in performance by gender expression, age, perceived race, skin type, etc. These studies and audits often examine algorithms which fall into two categories: academic models or commercial models. We present a detailed comparison between academic and commercial face detection systems, specifically examining robustness to noise. We find that state-of-the-art academic face detection models exhibit demographic disparities in their noise robustness, specifically by having statistically significant decreased performance on older individuals and those who present their gender in a masculine manner. When we compare the size of these disparities to that of commercial models, we conclude that commercial models - in contrast to their relatively larger development budget and industry-level fairness commitments - are always as biased or more biased than an academic model.
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End2End Occluded Face Recognition by Masking Corrupted Features
Authors:Haibo Qiu, Dihong Gong, Zhifeng Li, Wei Liu, Dacheng Tao
With the recent advancement of deep convolutional neural networks, significant progress has been made in general face recognition. However, the state-of-the-art general face recognition models do not generalize well to occluded face images, which are exactly the common cases in real-world scenarios. The potential reasons are the absences of large-scale occluded face data for training and specific designs for tackling corrupted features brought by occlusions. This paper presents a novel face recognition method that is robust to occlusions based on a single end-to-end deep neural network. Our approach, named FROM (Face Recognition with Occlusion Masks), learns to discover the corrupted features from the deep convolutional neural networks, and clean them by the dynamically learned masks. In addition, we construct massive occluded face images to train FROM effectively and efficiently. FROM is simple yet powerful compared to the existing methods that either rely on external detectors to discover the occlusions or employ shallow models which are less discriminative. Experimental results on the LFW, Megaface challenge 1, RMF2, AR dataset and other simulated occluded/masked datasets confirm that FROM dramatically improves the accuracy under occlusions, and generalizes well on general face recognition.
PDF Accepted by TPAMI 2021. Code is available at https://github.com/haibo-qiu/FROM
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Asymmetric Modality Translation For Face Presentation Attack Detection
Authors:Zhi Li, Haoliang Li, Xin Luo, Yongjian Hu, Kwok-Yan Lam, Alex C. Kot
Face presentation attack detection (PAD) is an essential measure to protect face recognition systems from being spoofed by malicious users and has attracted great attention from both academia and industry. Although most of the existing methods can achieve desired performance to some extent, the generalization issue of face presentation attack detection under cross-domain settings (e.g., the setting of unseen attacks and varying illumination) remains to be solved. In this paper, we propose a novel framework based on asymmetric modality translation for face presentation attack detection in bi-modality scenarios. Under the framework, we establish connections between two modality images of genuine faces. Specifically, a novel modality fusion scheme is presented that the image of one modality is translated to the other one through an asymmetric modality translator, then fused with its corresponding paired image. The fusion result is fed as the input to a discriminator for inference. The training of the translator is supervised by an asymmetric modality translation loss. Besides, an illumination normalization module based on Pattern of Local Gravitational Force (PLGF) representation is used to reduce the impact of illumination variation. We conduct extensive experiments on three public datasets, which validate that our method is effective in detecting various types of attacks and achieves state-of-the-art performance under different evaluation protocols.
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Simultaneous face detection and 360 degree headpose estimation
Authors:Hoang Nguyen Viet, Linh Nguyen Viet, Tuan Nguyen Dinh, Duc Tran Minh, Long Tran Quoc
With many practical applications in human life, including manufacturing surveillance cameras, analyzing and processing customer behavior, many researchers are noticing face detection and head pose estimation on digital images. A large number of proposed deep learning models have state-of-the-art accuracy such as YOLO, SSD, MTCNN, solving the problem of face detection or HopeNet, FSA-Net, RankPose model used for head pose estimation problem. According to many state-of-the-art methods, the pipeline of this task consists of two parts, from face detection to head pose estimation. These two steps are completely independent and do not share information. This makes the model clear in setup but does not leverage most of the featured resources extracted in each model. In this paper, we proposed the Multitask-Net model with the motivation to leverage the features extracted from the face detection model, sharing them with the head pose estimation branch to improve accuracy. Also, with the variety of data, the Euler angle domain representing the face is large, our model can predict with results in the 360 Euler angle domain. Applying the multitask learning method, the Multitask-Net model can simultaneously predict the position and direction of the human head. To increase the ability to predict the head direction of the model, we change there presentation of the human face from the Euler angle to vectors of the Rotation matrix.
PDF Accepted at The 13th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE 2021), 7 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables
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FedFR: Joint Optimization Federated Framework for Generic and Personalized Face Recognition
Authors:Chih-Ting Liu, Chien-Yi Wang, Shao-Yi Chien, Shang-Hong Lai
Current state-of-the-art deep learning based face recognition (FR) models require a large number of face identities for central training. However, due to the growing privacy awareness, it is prohibited to access the face images on user devices to continually improve face recognition models. Federated Learning (FL) is a technique to address the privacy issue, which can collaboratively optimize the model without sharing the data between clients. In this work, we propose a FL based framework called FedFR to improve the generic face representation in a privacy-aware manner. Besides, the framework jointly optimizes personalized models for the corresponding clients via the proposed Decoupled Feature Customization module. The client-specific personalized model can serve the need of optimized face recognition experience for registered identities at the local device. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to explore the personalized face recognition in FL setup. The proposed framework is validated to be superior to previous approaches on several generic and personalized face recognition benchmarks with diverse FL scenarios. The source codes and our proposed personalized FR benchmark under FL setup are available at https://github.com/jackie840129/FedFR.
PDF This paper was accepted by AAAI 2022 Conference on Artificial Intelligence
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Face Parsing via Recurrent Propagation
Authors:Sifei Liu, Jianping Shi, Ji Liang, Ming-Hsuan Yang
Face parsing is an important problem in computer vision that finds numerous applications including recognition and editing. Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied to image parsing and segmentation with the state-of-the-art performance. In this paper, we propose a face parsing algorithm that combines hierarchical representations learned by a CNN, and accurate label propagations achieved by a spatially variant recurrent neural network (RNN). The RNN-based propagation approach enables efficient inference over a global space with the guidance of semantic edges generated by a local convolutional model. Since the convolutional architecture can be shallow and the spatial RNN can have few parameters, the framework is much faster and more light-weighted than the state-of-the-art CNNs for the same task. We apply the proposed model to coarse-grained and fine-grained face parsing. For fine-grained face parsing, we develop a two-stage approach by first identifying the main regions and then segmenting the detail components, which achieves better performance in terms of accuracy and efficiency. With a single GPU, the proposed algorithm parses face images accurately at 300 frames per second, which facilitates real-time applications.
PDF 10 pages, 5 figures, BMVC 2017
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The Elements of End-to-end Deep Face Recognition: A Survey of Recent Advances
Authors:Hang Du, Hailin Shi, Dan Zeng, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Tao Mei
Face recognition is one of the most popular and long-standing topics in computer vision. With the recent development of deep learning techniques and large-scale datasets, deep face recognition has made remarkable progress and been widely used in many real-world applications. Given a natural image or video frame as input, an end-to-end deep face recognition system outputs the face feature for recognition. To achieve this, a typical end-to-end system is built with three key elements: face detection, face alignment, and face representation. The face detection locates faces in the image or frame. Then, the face alignment is proceeded to calibrate the faces to the canonical view and crop them with a normalized pixel size. Finally, in the stage of face representation, the discriminative features are extracted from the aligned face for recognition. Nowadays, all of the three elements are fulfilled by the technique of deep convolutional neural network. In this survey article, we present a comprehensive review about the recent advance of each element. To start with, we present an overview of the end-to-end deep face recognition. Then, we review the advance of each element, respectively, covering many aspects such as the to-date algorithm designs, evaluation metrics, datasets, performance comparison, existing challenges, and promising directions for future research. Also, we provide a detailed discussion about the effect of each element on its subsequent elements and the holistic system. Through this survey, we wish to bring contributions in two aspects: first, readers can conveniently identify the methods which are quite strong-baseline style in the subcategory for further exploration; second, one can also employ suitable methods for establishing a state-of-the-art end-to-end face recognition system from scratch.
PDF Accepted for publication in ACM Computing Surveys
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